Oracle ORDBMS

Database:

Any collection of data or information, that is specially organized for rapid search and retrieval by a computer is called Database (also called electronic database). Databases are structured to facilitate the storage, retrival, modification and deletion of data in conjunction with various data-processing operations.
A database management system(DBMS) extracts information from the database in response to queries.

 

RDBMS:

A relational database organizes data in tables(or relations). A table is made up of rows and columns. A row is also called a record(or tuple). A column is also called a field(or attribute).
A relational database conforms to the relational model. The relational model has the following major aspects:
Structures(Well-defined objects store or access the data of a database.)
Operations (Clearly defined actions enable application to manipulate the data and structures of a database.)
Integrity rules (Integrity rules goovern operations on the data and structures of a database.)

 

The relational model is the basis for a relational database management system (RDBMS). An RDBMS moves data into a database, stores the data, and retrieves it so that applications can manipulate it.

An RDBMS distinguishes between the following types of operations:

    Logical operations

    In this case, an application specifies what content is required. For example, an application requests an employee name or adds an employee record to a table.

    Physical operations

    In this case, the RDBMS determines how things should be done and carries out the operation. For example, after an application queries a table, the database may use an index to find the requested rows, read the data into memory, and perform many other steps before returning a result to the user. The RDBMS stores and retrieves data so that physical operations are transparent to database applications.

ORDBMS:

Oracle Database is an RDBMS. An RDBMS that implements object-oriented features such as user-defined types, inheritance, and polymorphism is called an object-relational database management system (ORDBMS). Oracle Database has extended the relational model to an object-relational model, making it possible to store complex business models in a relational database.
Brief History of Oracle Database

The current version of Oracle Database is the result of over 35 years of innovative development.

Highlights in the evolution of Oracle Database include the following:

    Founding of Oracle

    In 1977, Larry Ellison, Bob Miner, and Ed Oates started the consultancy Software Development Laboratories, which became Relational Software, Inc. (RSI). In 1983, RSI became Oracle Systems Corporation and then later Oracle Corporation.

    First commercially available RDBMS

    In 1979, RSI introduced Oracle V2 (Version 2) as the first commercially available SQL-based RDBMS, a landmark event in the history of relational databases.

    Portable version of Oracle Database

    Oracle Version 3, released in 1983, was the first relational database to run on mainframes, minicomputers, and PCs. The database was written in C, enabling the database to be ported to multiple platforms.

    Enhancements to concurrency control, data distribution, and scalability

    Version 4 introduced multiversion read consistency. Version 5, released in 1985, supported client/server computing and distributed database systems. Version 6 brought enhancements to disk I/O, row locking, scalability, and backup and recovery. Also, Version 6 introduced the first version of the PL/SQL language, a proprietary procedural extension to SQL.

    PL/SQL stored program units

    Oracle7, released in 1992, introduced PL/SQL stored procedures and triggers.

    Objects and partitioning

    Oracle8 was released in 1997 as the object-relational database, supporting many new data types. Additionally, Oracle8 supported partitioning of large tables.

    Internet computing

    Oracle8i Database, released in 1999, provided native support for internet protocols and server-side support for Java. Oracle8i was designed for internet computing, enabling the database to be deployed in a multitier environment.

    Oracle Real Application Clusters (Oracle RAC)

    Oracle9i Database introduced Oracle RAC in 2001, enabling multiple instances to access a single database simultaneously. Additionally, Oracle XML Database (Oracle XML DB) introduced the ability to store and query XML.

    Grid computing

    Oracle Database 10g introduced grid computing in 2003. This release enabled organizations to virtualize computing resources by building a grid infrastructure based on low-cost commodity servers. A key goal was to make the database self-managing and self-tuning. Oracle Automatic Storage Management (Oracle ASM) helped achieve this goal by virtualizing and simplifying database storage management.

    Manageability, diagnosability, and availability

    Oracle Database 11g, released in 2007, introduced a host of new features that enabled administrators and developers to adapt quickly to changing business requirements. The key to adaptability is simplifying the information infrastructure by consolidating information and using automation wherever possible.

    Plugging In to the Cloud

    Oracle Database 12c, released in 2013, was designed for the Cloud, featuring a new Multitenant architecture, In-Memory column store, and support for JSON documents. Oracle Database 12c helps customers make more efficient use of their IT resources, while continuing to reduce costs and improve service levels for users.

Sources: https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/19/cncpt/introduction-to-oracle-database.html#GUID-35C20601-E266-486E-987B-7F355DB10DD4

https://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/ehchua/programming/sql/Relational_Database_Design.html